Substituted 2-imino-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones as N-arachidonoylethanolamine cellular uptake inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a compound comprising the following general formula (1): 
                         
and said compound for use as a medicament, in particular for use in the treatment psychiatric or neurological disorders and inflammation, in particular neuroinflammation: (formula 1) wherein each of R1, R2 and R3 are selected independently from each other from alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, or heteroaryl.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/221,634 filed Dec. 17, 2018, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/314,067 filed Nov. 26, 2016, and now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,155,754; which was the US national stage of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2015/061915, filed May 28, 2015, and which in turn claimed the benefit of EP Patent Application Nos. 14171024.4 filed on Jun. 3, 2014 and 14170449.4 filed on May 28, 2014. The contents of the foregoing patent applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a class of thiazolidinone derivatives as anandamide cellular uptake inhibitors and their use in the treatment of psychiatric or neurological disorders and inflammation, in particular neuroinflammation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a lipid signaling system comprising endocannabinoids (ECs), which are lipids derived from arachidonic acid, the G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, as well as several other actual and potential physiological targets involved in the synthesis, transport and degradation of ECs. The major ECs are 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA; anandamide) which modulate synaptic transmission by retrograde signaling via CB1 receptors and exert potent immunomodulatory effects via both CB1 and CB2 receptors. The ECS has been implicated in physiological and pathophysiological conditions including inflammation, pain, psychiatric disorders and metabolic reprogramming. The ECS provides a primary on-demand protection system against acute excitotoxicity in the central nervous system (CNS) (Marsicano et al., 2003, Science, 302, 84-8.)

Therapeutic strategies within the ECS include the use of cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists, blockage of hydrolytic enzymes degrading ECs, such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), as well as inhibition of EC cell membrane trafficking. Although so far no membrane protein for EC transport has been identified, several lines of evidence suggest a facilitated membrane transport involving both membrane and cytoplasmic targets (Chicca et al., 2012, J Biol Chem. 287, 36944-67; Fowler C J., 2013, FEBS J., 280:1895-904). The movement of AEA across the cell is affected by the concentration gradient enhanced by rapid intracellular hydrolysis of AEA catalyzed by FAAH. Therefore, FAAH plays a key role in AEA cellular uptake by generating an inward concentration gradient for AEA, which is the major driving force for its cellular uptake.

Using the commercially available AEA uptake inhibitors UCM707, OMDM-2 and LY2183240 evidence for bidirectional transport of both AEA and 2-AG across cell membranes, as well as a common mechanism of cellular membrane transport for all arachidonate-based ECs was recently provided (Chicca et al., 2012, J Biol Chem. 287, 36944-67). Since all of the available inhibitors are only moderately potent and show low selectivity towards AEA transport inhibition over FAAH inhibition or other cytoplasmic targets, investigations of the mechanisms of AEA and 2-AG cellular uptake are hampered by a lack of adequate tools. As indicated by a recent study (Nicolussi et al., Pharmacol Res., 2014, 80:52-65), the CNS pharmacology of inhibitors of endocannabinoid breakdown and inhibitors of endocannabinoid membrane transport is distinctly different and that inhibition of FAAH and AEA cellular uptake, respectively, can be independent from each other. Prior art has shown the use of Dodeca-2E,4E-diene amides as specific AEA cellular uptake inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents in skin (WO 2010136221 A1). The potential therapeutic value of specific AEA cellular uptake inhibitors to treat CNS related diseases remains largely unknown. In a murine model of multiple sclerosis, the AEA cell membrane transport and FAAH inhibitor UCM707 showed beneficial effects by reducing microglial activation (Ortega-Gutierrez et al., 2005, FASEB J., 19, 1338-40). Using UCM707, it was shown that an increased AEA tone limits excitotoxicity in vitro and in a model of multiple sclerosis (Loria et al., 2010, Neurobiol Dis., 37, 166-76). The non-specific AEA cellular uptake and FAAH inhibitor AM404 was shown to reduce the rewarding effects of nicotine and nicotine-induced dopamine elevations in the nucleus accumbens shell in rats (Sherma et al., Br J Pharmacol., 2012, 165, 2539-48). The non-specific AEA cell membrane transport inhibitor VDM-11 was shown to modulate sleep and c-Fos expression in the rat brain (Murillo-Rodriguez et al., Neuroscience, 2008, 157, 1-11). The administration of AEA cell membrane transport inhibitors OMDM-2 or VDM-11 was shown to promote sleep and decreases extracellular levels of dopamine in rats (Murillo-Rodriguez et al., Physiol Behav. 2013, 109, 88-95). UCM707 was shown to behave as a symptom control agent in models of Huntington's disease and multiple sclerosis, but failed to delay/arrest the progression of different motor-related disorders (de Lago et al., Eur Neuropsychopharmacol., 2006, 16, 7-18). As shown by a study using UCM707 and AM404, AEA transport inhibitors may have potential in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy (Hasanein and Soltani, 2009, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 36, 1127-31). Targeting fatty acid binding protein (FABP) intracellular AEA carriers has recently been suggested to be a strategy to generate anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive drugs (Berger et al., 2012, PLoS One., 7(12):e50968). However, the pharmacology between the inhibition of AEA cell membrane transport and the inhibition of cytoplasmic carriers is expected to be different, as exemplified by the fact that FABP5 inhibitors do apparently not show the same degree of cannabimimetic effects observed with the potent AEA cell membrane transport inhibitor guineensine (Kaczocha et al., PLoS One. 2014, 9(4):e94200; Nicolussi et al., 2014, Pharmacol Res., 80, 52-65).

Overall, there is a need for novel inhibitors of AEA cell membrane transport with superior specificity and potency to address CNS and inflammation related diseases involving aberrant endocannabinoid tone or in which AEA cellular uptake inhibition can target pathophysiological conditions. Given the fact that AEA and other endocannabinoids are involved in both synaptic processes via retrograde signaling and immunomodulatory processes, specific inhibitors of AEA cell membrane transport are expected to exert therapeutic effects in neuropsychiatric diseases involving neuroinflammation. When the degradation of AEA and other endocannabinoids is blocked, for example by covalent inhibition of FAAH, the resulting intracellular accumulation of AEA (Chicca et al., 2012, J Biol Chem., 287, 36944-67) is expected to potentially also have proinflammatory effects via oxygenation of AEA and possibly other endocannabinoids by cyclooxygenase-2 (discussed in Chicca et al, 2014, ACS Chem Biol, http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cb500177c). Therefore, the inhibition of degradation of AEA and the inhibition of cell membrane transport are distinct pharmacological interventions. Moreover, specific inhibition of AEA cell membrane transport, unlike inhibition of FAAH or cytoplasmic carriers, is expected to differentially modulate the AEA tone without leading to activation of TRPV1 channels via intracellular AEA accumulation.

Our attention, therefore, is focused on the identification of new class of molecules able to specifically inhibit AEA cellular uptake that do not affect hydrolytic enzymes, such as the serine hydrolase FAAH. We show that these compounds trigger cannabimimetic behavioral effects and inhibit inflammation, in particular neuroinflammation.

The present invention relates to thiazolidinone derivatives and their use for the treatment of psychiatric or neurological disorders and inflammation, in particular neuroinflammation. The use of the compounds of the invention in a method for treatment of psychiatric or neurological disorders is related to attenuation of neuroinflammation and neuronal retrograde signaling mediated via AEA and other endocannabinoids. In example, such diseases include multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, Alzheimers disease, bipolar diseases, schizophrenia, sleeping disorders, and spinal cord injury (Ashton and Moore, Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011, 124, 250-61; Aso and Ferrer I, Front Pharmacol., 2014, 5, 37; Correa et al. Vitam Horm. 2009, 81, 207-30; Hofmann and Frazier, Exp Neurol. 2013, 244, 43-50; Pacher et al., Pharmacol Rev., 2006, 58, 389-462).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A first aspect of the invention relates to a compound characterized by a general formula 1

-   -   wherein     -   R¹ is selected from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl, and     -   each of R² and R³ are selected independently from each other         from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

A second aspect of the invention relates to a compound characterized by a general formula 1

-   -   wherein     -   R² is selected from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆-10 aryl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl, and     -   each of R¹ and R³ are selected independently from each other         from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

A third aspect of the invention relates to a compound characterized by a general formula 1

-   -   wherein     -   R³ is selected from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆-10 aryl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl, and     -   each of R¹ and R² are selected independently from each other         from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

A fourth aspect of the invention relates to a compound characterized by the following general formula (1)

-   -   wherein     -   R¹ is selected from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and     -   each of R² and R³ are selected independently from each other         from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

A fifth aspect of the invention relates to a compound according to the first, second, third or fourth aspect of the invention for use as a medicament.

A sixth aspect of the invention relates to a compound according to the first, second, third or fourth aspect of the invention for use in the treatment of psychiatric or neurological disorders and inflammation, in particular neuroinflammation.

A seventh aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical preparation for use in the treatment of psychiatric or neurological disorders and inflammation, in particular neuroinflammation, comprising at least one compound according to the the first, second, third or fourth aspect of the invention.

A eight aspect of the invention relates to the compound of the first aspect, particularly the first, second and third sub aspect, of the invention for use as an endocannabinoid system modulator.

A ninth aspect of the invention relates to the compound of the first aspect, particularly the first, second and third sub aspect, of the invention for use as an AEA uptake Inhibitor.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The compounds of the invention may also be used as an analgesic. Reference is made to the figures and experimental section.

The term “substituted” refers to the addition of a substituent group to a parent moiety.

“Substituent groups” can be protected or unprotected and can be added to one available site or to many available sites in a parent moiety. Substituent groups may also be further substituted with other substituent groups and may be attached directly or by a linking group such as an alkyl, an amide or hydrocarbyl group to a parent moiety. “Substituent groups” amenable herein include, without limitation, halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, carboxyl, aliphatic groups, alicyclic groups, alkoxy, substituted oxy, aryl, aralkyl, amino, imino, amido fluorinated compounds etc.

As used herein the term “alkyl,” refers to a saturated straight or branched hydrocarbon moiety containing in particular up to 12 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups include, without limitation, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isopropyl, n-hexyl, octyl, and the like. Alkyl groups typically include from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms (C₁-C₁₂ alkyl).

As used herein the term “cycloalkyl” refers to an interconnected alkyl group forming a saturated or unsaturated (or partially unsaturated) ring or polyring structure containing 3 to 10, particularly 5 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, without limitation, cyclopropane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, norbornane, decaline or adamantan (Tricyclo[3.3.1.1]decan), and the like. Cycloalkyl groups typically include from 5 to 10 carbon atoms (C₅-C₁₀ cycloalkyl).

Alkyl or cycloalkyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substituent groups. A substitution on the cycloalkyl group also encompasses an aryl, a heterocycle or a heteroaryl substituent, which can be connected to the cycloalkyl group via one atom or two atoms of the cycloalkyl group.

As used herein the term “alkenyl,” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain moiety containing in particular up to 12 carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Examples of alkenyl groups include, without limitation, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, 1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl, dienes such as 1,3-butadiene and the like. Alkenyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substituent groups.

As used herein the term “alkynyl,” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon moiety containing in particular up to 12 carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Examples of alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 1-butynyl, and the like. Alkynyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substituent groups.

As used herein the term “alkoxy,” refers to an oxygen alkyl moiety containing in particular 1 to 12 carbon atoms comprising at least one oxygen moiety instead of a CH₂ moiety.

Examples of alkoxy groups include without limitation, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, neopentoxy, n-hexoxy and the like. Alkoxy groups as used herein may optionally include further substituent groups. Furthermore, “alkoxy” groups include straight or branched ether groups (e.g. —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₃) or polyether groups, which comprise several interconnected monomer alkoxy groups (e.g. —O—CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₃).

As used herein the term “heterocycle” refers to an interconnected alkyl group forming a saturated or unsaturated ring or polyring structure containing 3 to 10, particularly 5 to 10 carbon atoms in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with an oxygen, a nitrogen or a sulphur atom forming a nonaromatic structure. Heterocyclic groups as used herein may optionally include further substituent groups. A substitution on the heterocyclic group also encompasses an aryl, a cycloalkyl or a heteroaryl substituent, which can be connected to the heterocyclic group via one atom or two atoms of the heterocyclic group (comparable to indole).

As used herein the term “aryl” refers to a hydrocarbon with alternating double and single bonds between the carbon atoms forming an aromatic ring structure, in particular a six (C₆ to ten (C₁₀) membered ring or polyring structure. The term “heteroaryl” refers to aromatic structures comprising a five to ten membered ring or polyring structure, comparable to aryl compounds, in which at least one member is an oxygen or a nitrogen or a sulphur atom. Due to simplicity reasons they are denominated C₅ to C₁₀ heteroaryl, wherein at least one carbon atom is replaced with an oxygen, a nitrogen or a sulphur atom forming an aromatic structure. For example a C₅ heteroaryl comprises a five membered ring structure with at least one carbon atom being replaced with an oxygen, a nitrogen or a sulphur atom. Aryl or hetero aryl groups as used herein may optionally include further substituent groups. A substitution on the hetero aryl group also encompasses an aryl, a cycloalkyl or a heterocycle substituent, which can be connected to the hetero aryl via one atom or two atoms of the hetero aryl group (comparable to indole). The same applies to an aryl group.

As used herein “*” indicates a center of a E- or Z-isomer structure, which is located on the atom below the asterisk *.

According to a first aspect of the invention, the invention relates to a compound characterized by a general formula 1

-   -   wherein     -   R¹ is selected from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl, and     -   each of R² and R³ are selected independently from each other         from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R¹ comprises the general formula 2a′ to 2j′,

-   -   with D being a C₁ to C₄ alkyl,     -   with each T being selected independently from each other from         —CH₂, —NH, —S, —O, —CHCH₃, —C(CH₃)₂ or —NR, in particular from         NH, —S or —O, and     -   with T′ being selected from —CH₂, —NH, —S, —O, —CHCH₃, —C(CH₃)₂         or —NR^(c), and     -   with each T″ being selected independently from each other from         being selected from —CH or ═N,     -   with R⁴ and R⁵ being selected independently from each other from         —H, —F, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CHFCF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CHF₂,         —CH₂F or —CF₃, in particular with R⁵ and R⁶ being selected         independently from each other from H, —F or —CH₃, and     -   with R⁶ being selected from —OH, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₃ or H,     -   with R⁷ being selected from ═NH, ═S or ═O, in particular from 0,         and     -   with n of Z¹ _(n) being 0, 1, 2 or 3, in particular n of Z¹ _(n)         being 0 or 1, and with each Z¹ independently from any other Z¹         _(n) being selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(a), —OR^(a),         —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(a), —SR^(a), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(a) or —NR^(a) ₂, with         each R^(a) being selected independently from each other from H,         a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄         alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, in         particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted         C₂-C₈ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3         or 4, in particular r is 1,     -   with R^(c) being —CH₂OH, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂,         —CH₂CF₃, —CHFCF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CHF₂, —CH₂F, —CF₃.

In some embodiments, R¹ comprises the general formula 2a to 2j,

-   -   with each T being selected independently from each other from         —CH₂, —NH, —S, —O, —CHCH₃, —C(CH₃)₂ or —NR^(c), in particular         from NH, —S or —O, and     -   with T′ being selected from —CH₂, —NH, —S, —O, —CHCH₃, —C(CH₃)₂         or —NR, and     -   with each T″ being selected independently from each other from         being selected from —CH or ═N,     -   with R⁴ and R⁵ being selected independently from each other from         —H, —F, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CHFCF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CHF₂,         —CH₂F or —CF₃, in particular     -   with R⁵ and R⁶ being selected independently from each other from         H, —F or —CH₃, and     -   with R⁶ being selected from —OH, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₃ or H,     -   with R⁷ being selected from ═NH, ═S or ═O, in particular from 0,         and     -   with n of Z¹ _(n) being 0, 1, 2 or 3, in particular n of Z¹ _(n)         being 0 or 1, and with each Z¹ independently from any other Z¹         _(n) being selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(a), —OR^(a),         —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(a), —SR^(a), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(a) or —NR^(a) ₂, with         each R^(a) being selected independently from each other from H,         a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄         alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, in         particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted         C₂-C₈ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3         or 4, in particular r is 1,     -   with R^(c) being —CH₂OH, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂,         —CH₂CF₃, —CHFCF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CHF₂, —CH₂F, —CF₃.

In some embodiments, R¹ comprises the general formula 2b′ to 2i′ or 2b to 2i, in particular the general formula 2b to 2i, with R^(c), n of Z_(n) ¹ and Z_(n) ¹ having the same meaning as defined previously, and

-   -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 2a being selected         from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′ is O, R⁴         and R⁵ being selected independently from each other from —H, —F,         —CH₃, in particular with R⁵ and R⁶ being H,     -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 2b or 2c being         selected from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′         is S or —NH, and T″ being selected from —CH or ═N, and with R⁶         being selected from —CH₃ or H, in particular R⁶ is H,     -   with each T of the compound according to formula 2d being         selected independently from each other from —NH, —S, —O or         —NR^(c), in particular at least one T is selected from NH or         —NCH₃, more particularly the T in the position 4, with respect         to the connection to the parent moiety, is —NH, and with R⁷         being selected from ═NH, ═S or ═O, in particular from O, and     -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 2e being selected         from —CH₂, —NH, —S or —O, in particular T′ being —NH or —O,     -   with each T″ of the compound according to formula 2f being         selected independently from each other from —CH or ═N, in         particular each T″ is ═N,     -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 2g or 2 h being         selected from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′         is —NR^(c) or —NH, and T″ being selected from —CH or ═N, in         particular T″ is ═N,     -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 2i or 2j being         selected from —NH or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′ is —NH,         and T″ is ═N.

In some embodiments, R¹ comprises the general formula 2b to 2h,

with T, T′, T″, n of Z_(n) ¹, Z_(n) ¹, R⁶ and R⁷ having the same meaning as defined previously.

In some embodiments, R¹ comprises the general formula 2b′ to 2h′ or 2b to 2h, in particular the general formula 2b to 2h, with R^(c), n of Z_(n) ¹ and Z_(n) ¹ having the same meaning as defined previously, and

-   -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 2b or 2c being         selected from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′         is S or —NH, and T″ being selected from —CH or ═N, and with R⁶         being selected from —CH₃ or H, in particular R⁶ is H,     -   with each T of the compound according to formula 2d being         selected independently from each other from —NH, —S, —O or         —NR^(c), in particular at least one T is selected from NH or         —NCH₃, more particularly the T in the position 4, with respect         to the connection to the parent moiety, is —NH, and with R⁷         being selected from ═NH, ═S or ═O, in particular from O, and     -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 2e being selected         from —CH₂, —NH, —S or —O, in particular T′ being —O,     -   with each T″ of the compound according to formula 2f being         selected independently from each other from —CH or ═N, in         particular each T″ is ═N,     -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 2g or 2h being         selected from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′         is —NR^(c) or —NH, and T″ being selected from —CH or ═N, in         particular T″ is ═N.

In some embodiments, R¹ comprises the general formula 2b, 2c, 2e, 2g or 2h

with T, T′, T″, n of Z_(n) ¹, Z_(n) ¹, R⁶ and R⁷ having the same meaning as defined previously.

In some embodiments, R¹ comprises the general formula 2b′, 2c′, 2e′, 2g′ or 2h′ or 2b, 2c, 2e, 2g or 2h, in particular the general formula 2b, 2c, 2e, 2g or 2h, with R^(c), n of Z_(n) ¹ and Z_(n) ¹ having the same meaning as defined previously and

-   -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 2b or 2c being         selected from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′         is S or —NH, and T″ being selected from —CH or ═N, and with R⁶         being selected from —CH₃ or H, in particular R⁶ is H,     -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 2e being selected         from —CH₂, —NH, —S or —O, in particular T′ being —O,     -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 2g or 2h being         selected from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′         is —NR^(c) or —NH, and T″ being selected from —CH or ═N, in         particular T″ is ═N.

In some embodiments, R¹ comprises the general formula 2b, 2c, 2g or 2h,

with T, T′, T″, n of Z_(n) ¹, Z_(n) ¹, R⁶ and R⁷ having the same meaning as defined previously.

In some embodiments, R¹ comprises the general formula 2b′, 2c′, 2g′ or 2h′ or 2b, 2c, 2g or 2h, in particular the general formula 2b, 2c, 2g or 2h, with R^(c), n of Z_(n) ¹ and Z_(n) ¹ having the same meaning as defined previously and

-   -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 2b or 2c being         selected from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′         is S or —NH, and T″ being selected from —CH or ═N, and with R⁶         being selected from —CH₃ or H, in particular R⁶ is H,     -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 2g or 2h being         selected from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′         is —NR^(c) or —NH, and T″ being selected from —CH or ═N, in         particular T″ is ═N.

In some embodiments, R¹ comprises the general formula 2b or 2c

with T′, T″, n of Z_(n) ¹, Z_(n) ¹ and R⁶ having the same meaning as defined previously.

In some embodiments, R¹ comprises the general formula 2b′ or 2c′ or 2b or 2c, in particular the general formula 2b or 2c, with R^(c), n of Z_(n) ¹ and Z_(n) ¹ having the same meaning as defined previously,

-   -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 2b or 2c being         selected from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′         is S or —NH, and T″ being selected from —CH or ═N, and with R⁶         being selected from —CH₃ or H, in particular R⁶ is H.

In some embodiments, R¹ comprises the general formula 2c

with T′, T″, n of Z_(n) ¹, Z_(n) ¹ and R⁶ having the same meaning as defined previously.

In some embodiments, R¹ comprises the general formula 2c′ or 2c, in particular the general formula 2c, with R^(c), n of Z_(n) ¹ and Z_(n) ¹ having the same meaning as defined previously,

-   -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 2c being selected         from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′ is —NH,         and T″ being selected from —CH or ═N, in particular from ═N, and         with R⁶ being selected from —CH₃ or H, in particular R⁶ is H.

In some embodiments, R^(c) is selected from —CH₂OH, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃ or —CH(CH₃)₂, in particular from —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃ or —CH(CH₃)₂, more particularly R^(c) is CH₃.

In some embodiments, n of Z¹ _(n) is 0, 1 or 2, in particular n is 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, n of Z¹ _(n) is 1.

In some embodiments, n of Z¹ _(n) is 0.

In some embodiments, each Z¹ independently from any other Z¹ is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(a), —OR^(a), CH₂OR^(a), with each R^(a) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₀₈ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, each Z¹ independently from any other Z¹ is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, CH₂OR^(a) or —OR^(a), with each R^(a) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₀₈ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, each Z¹ independently from any other Z¹ is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, OH, CH₂OH, CH₂OR^(a) or —OR^(a) with R^(a) being selected from a C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl or C₂-C₄ alkenyl, in particular from a C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In some embodiments, each Z¹ independently from any other Z¹ is selected from CN, OH, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)CCH, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂O(CH₂)₂CH₃ or —CH₂O(CH₂)CCH, in particular from CN, OH, —OCH₃ or —CH₂OCH₃, more particularly from —OCH₃ or —CH₂OCH₃.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from

or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from

or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from

or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from

or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from

r or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments R¹ comprises the general formula 3a to 3k

-   -   with each T being selected independently from each other from         —CH₂, —NH, —S, —O, —CHCH₃, —C(CH₃)₂ or —NR^(c), in particular         from NH, —S or —O, and     -   with T′ being selected from —CH₂, —NH, —S, —O, —CHCH₃, —C(CH₃)₂         or —NR^(c), and     -   with each T″ being selected independently from each other from         being selected from —CH or ═N,     -   with R⁴ and R⁵ being selected independently from each other from         —H, —F, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CHFCF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CHF₂,         —CH₂F or —CF₃, in particular with R⁵ and R⁶ being selected         independently from each other from H, —F or —CH₃, and     -   with R⁶ being selected from —OH, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₃ or H,     -   with R⁷ being selected from ═NH, ═S or ═O, in particular from 0,         and     -   with R^(c) being —CH₂OH, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂,         —CH₂CF₃, —CHFCF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CHF₂, —CH₂F, —CF₃.

In some embodiments R¹ comprises the general formula 3a to 3k

-   -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 3a being selected         from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′ is O, R⁴         and R⁵ being selected independently from each other from —H, —F,         —CH₃, in particular with R⁵ and R⁶ being H,     -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 3b or 3c being         selected from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′         is —NH, and T″ being selected from —CH or ═N, and with R⁶ being         selected from —CH₃ or H, in particular R⁶ is H,     -   with each T of the compound according to formula 3d being         selected independently from each other from —NH, —S, —O or         —NR^(c), in particular at least one T is selected from NH or         —NCH₃, more particularly the T in the position 4, with respect         to the connection to the parent moiety, is —NH, and with R⁷         being selected from ═NH, ═S or ═O, in particular from 0, and     -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 3e being selected         from —CH₂, —NH, —S or —O, in particular T′ being —NH or —O,     -   with each T″ of the compound according to formula 3f being         selected independently from each other from —CH or ═N, in         particular each T″ is ═N,     -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 3g or 3h being         selected from —NH or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′ is —NCH₃,         and T″ being selected from —CH or ═N, in particular from ═N,     -   with T′ of the compound according to formula 3i or 3j being         selected from —NH or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′ is —NH,         and T″ is ═N.

In some embodiments R¹ is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₅ heterocycle or a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆ heteroaryl, wherein in particular the substituted C₅ heterocycle or the substituted C₅-C₆ heteroaryl comprises at least one substituent Z¹

In some embodiments R¹ is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted pyran, furan, imidazole, thiophen, pyrrol, pyridine, pyrazine, thiazol, oxazol, cumarin, benzoimidazole, indol, Isoindol, benzodiazol, benzotriazol, benzoxazol, benzothiazol or pyrazin and derivatives thereof, wherein in particular the substituted compounds comprises at least one substituent Z.

In some embodiments, R^(c) is selected from —CH₂OH, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃ or —CH(CH₃)₂, in particular from —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃ or —CH(CH₃)₂, more particularly R^(c) is CH₃.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄ alkenyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄ alkynyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆ aryl, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula -L-Ar,         -   with L being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl,             -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, more                 particularly a C₂-C₄ alkenyl,             -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, more                 particularly a C₂-C₄ alkynyl, and             -   Ar being a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- aryl or a                 substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl or a substituted or         unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, wherein in particular the         substituted C₆- aryl or the substituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl         comprises at least one substituent Z².

In some embodiments, R² is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the         formula -L-Ar,         -   with L being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl, and             -   Ar being a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- aryl or a                 substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl or a substituted or         unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl wherein in particular the         substituted C₆- aryl or the substituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl         comprises at least one substituent Z².

In some embodiments, R² is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula -L-Ar, with L being an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl, and Ar being a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- aryl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, wherein in particular the substituted C₆- aryl or the substituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl comprises at least one substituent Z².

In some embodiments, R² is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, wherein in particular the substituted C₆- aryl or the substituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl comprises at least one substituent Z².

In some embodiments, R² is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula 4a

or

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl, wherein the substituted         C₆ aryl comprises the formula 4b

-   -   -   with L being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl,             -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, more                 particularly a C₂-C₄ alkenyl,             -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, more                 particularly a C₂-C₄ alkynyl, and         -   o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or             3, more particularly 0 or 1, and         -   each Z² independently from any other Z² is selected from —F,             —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(b), —OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(b),             —SR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, with each R^(b)             being selected independently from each other from H, a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular             C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,             in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or             unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl,             with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the         formula 4a

or

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl, wherein the substituted         C₆ aryl comprises the formula 4b

-   -   -   with L being an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more             particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl, and         -   o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or             3, more particularly 0 or 1, and         -   each Z² independently from any other Z² is selected from —F,             —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(b), —OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(b),             —SR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, with each R^(b)             being selected independently from each other from H, a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular             C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,             in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or             unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl,             with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula 4a, with L being an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl, and o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z² independently from any other Z² is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(b), —OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, with each R^(b) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula 4a, with L being an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl, and o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z² independently from any other Z² is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(b), —OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, with each R^(b) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula 4a, with L being

-   -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more particularly a         C₁-C₄ alkyl,     -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, more particularly a         C₂-C₄ alkenyl,     -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, more particularly a         C₂-C₄ alkynyl,         and o of Z² _(o) is 1 and Z² is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,         CN, —R^(b), —OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, with each         R^(b) being selected independently from each other from H, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄         alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in         particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted         C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2,         3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula 4a, with L being an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl, and o of Z² _(o) is 0.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula 4b, with o of Z² _(o) being 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z² independently from any other Z² is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(b), —OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, with each R^(b) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula 4b, with o of Z² _(o) being 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z² independently from any other Z² is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, ON, —R^(b), —OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, with each R^(b) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula 4b, with o of Z² _(o) being 1 and Z² is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(b), —OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, with each R^(b) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula 4b, with o of Z² _(o) being 0.

In some embodiments, o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z² is selected independently from any other Z² from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(b), —OR^(b), CH₂OR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, in particular from —F, —Cl, —R^(b), —OR^(b), CH₂OR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, more particularly from —F, —Cl, —R^(b), with each R^(b) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z² is selected independently from any other Z² from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I or —R^(b), in particular from R^(b), with R^(b) being selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z² is selected independently from any other Z² from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I or —R^(b), in particular from R^(b), with R^(b) being selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In some embodiments, o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z² is selected independently from any other Z² is selected from —R^(b), with R^(b) being selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In some embodiments, o of Z² _(o) is 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, o of Z² _(o) is 1.

In some embodiments, o of Z² _(o) is 0.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from

or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from

or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from

or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from

or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from

or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄ alkenyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄ alkynyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆ aryl, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula -D-Ar,         -   with D being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl,             -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, more                 particularly a C₂-C₄ alkenyl,             -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, more                 particularly a C₂-C₄ alkynyl, and             -   Ar being a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- aryl or a                 substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl or a substituted or         unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, wherein in particular the         substituted C₆- aryl or the substituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl         comprises at least one substituent Z³.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the         formula -D-Ar,         -   with D being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl, and             -   Ar being a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- aryl or a                 substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl or a substituted or         unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl wherein in particular the         substituted C₆- aryl or the substituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl         comprises at least one substituent Z³.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula -D-Ar, with L being an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl, and Ar being a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- aryl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, wherein in particular the substituted C₆- aryl or the substituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl comprises at least one substituent Z³.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, wherein in particular the substituted C₆- aryl or the substituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl comprises at least one substituent Z³.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula 5a

or

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl, wherein the substituted         C₆ aryl comprises the

-   -   -   with D being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl,             -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, more                 particularly a C₂-C₄ alkenyl,             -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, more                 particularly a C₂-C₄ alkynyl, and         -   p of Z³p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3,             more particularly 0 or 1, and         -   each Z³ independently from any other Z³ is selected from —F,             —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(d), —OR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(d),             —SR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(d) or —NR^(d) ₂, with each R^(d)             being selected independently from each other from H, a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular             C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,             in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or             unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl,             with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the         formula 5a

or

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl, wherein the substituted         C₆ aryl comprises the formula 5b

-   -   -   with D being an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more             particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl, and         -   p of Z³ _(p) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or             3, more particularly 0 or 1, and         -   each Z³ independently from any other Z³ is selected from —F,             —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(d), —OR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(d),             —SR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(d) or —NR^(d) ₂, with each R^(d)             being selected independently from each other from H, a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular             C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,             in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or             unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl,             with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula 5a, with D being an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl, and p of Z³ _(p) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z³ independently from any other Z³ is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(d), —OR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(d), —SR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(d) or —NR^(d) ₂, with each R^(d) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula 5a, with D being an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl, and p of Z³ _(p) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z³ independently from any other Z³ is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(d), —OR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(d), —SR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(d) or —NR^(d) ₂, with each R^(d) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula 5a, with D being

-   -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more particularly a         C₁-C₄ alkyl,     -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, more particularly a         C₂-C₄ alkenyl,     -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, more particularly a         C₂-C₄ alkynyl,         and p of Z³ _(p) is 1 and Z³ is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,         CN, —R^(d), —OR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(d), —SR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(d)         or —NR^(d) ₂, with each R^(d) being selected independently from         each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂         alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or         unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with         r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula 5a, with D being an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl, and p of Z³ _(p) is 0.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula 5b, with p of Z³ _(p) being 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z³ independently from any other Z³ is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(d), —OR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(d), —SR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(d) or —NR^(d) ₂, with each R^(d) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula 5b, with p of Z³ _(p) being 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z³ independently from any other Z³ is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(d), —OR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(d), —SR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(d) or —NR^(d) ₂, with each R^(d) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula 5b, with p of Z³ _(p) being 1 and Z³ is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, ON, —R^(d), —OR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(d), —SR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(d) or —NR^(d) ₂, with each R^(d) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the formula 5b, p of Z³ _(p) being 0.

In some embodiments, p of Z³ _(p) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z³ is selected independently from any other Z³ from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, ON, —R^(d), —OR^(d), CH₂OR^(d) or —NR^(d) ₂, in particular from —F, —Cl, —R^(d), —OR^(d), CH₂OR^(d) or —NR^(d) ₂, more particularly from —F, —Cl, —R^(d), with each R^(d) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, p of Z³ _(p) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z³ is selected independently from any other Z³ from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I or —R^(d), in particular from R^(d), with R^(d) being selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, p of Z³ _(p) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z³ is selected independently from any other Z³ from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I or —R^(d), in particular from R^(d), with R^(d) being selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In some embodiments, p of Z³ _(p) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z³ is selected independently from any other Z³ is selected from —R^(d), with R^(d) being selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In some embodiments, p of Z³ _(p) is 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, p of Z³ _(p) is 1.

In some embodiments, p of Z³ _(p) is 0.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from

or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from

or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from

or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from

or derivatives thereof.

Any embodiment described for R² or R³ according to the first aspect of the invention may be combined with any embodiment described for R¹ according to the first aspect of the invention.

In some embodiments of a first sub aspect of the first aspect, R¹ comprises the general formula 2a′ or 2e′,

-   -   with D being a C₁ to C₄ alkyl,         -   or the general formula 2a or 2e,

-   -   with each T being selected independently from each other from         —CH₂, —NH, —S, —O, —CHCH₃, —C(CH₃)₂ or —NR^(c), in particular         from NH, —S or —O, with R^(c) being —CH₂OH, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃,         —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CF₃, —CHFCF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CHF₂, —CH₂F,         —CF₃ and     -   with T′ being selected from —CH₂, —NH, —S, —O, —CHCH₃, or         —C(CH₃)₂ and     -   with R⁴ and R⁵ being selected independently from each other from         —H, —F, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CHFCF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CHF₂,         —CH₂F or —CF₃, in particular with R⁵ and R⁶ being selected         independently from each other from H, —F or —CH₃, and     -   with n of Z¹ _(n) being 0, 1, 2 or 3, in particular n of Z¹ _(n)         being 0 or 1, and with each Z¹ independently from any other Z¹         being selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(a), —OR^(a),         —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(a), —SR^(a), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(a) or —NR^(a) ₂, with         each R^(a) being selected independently from each other from H,         a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄         alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, in         particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted         C₂-C₈ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3         or 4, in particular r is 1,     -   R² is selected from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted saturated heterocycle, in             particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀             heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl, and     -   and R³ is selected from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted saturated heterocycle, in         particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, R¹ comprises the general formula 2a or 2e,

in particular 2e, with D, T, T′, n of Z_(n) ¹, Z_(n) ¹, R⁴ and R⁵ having the same meaning as defined previously.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, T of the compound according to formula 2a is selected from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T is O, R⁴ and R⁵ being selected independently from each other from —H, —F, —CH₃, in particular with R⁵ and R⁶ being H, and T′ of the compound according to formula 2e is selected from —CH₂, —NH, —S or —O, in particular T′ is —NH or —O, more particularly O.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, n of Z¹ _(n) is 0, 1 or 2, in particular n is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, n of Z¹ _(n) is 1. In some embodiments, n of Z¹ _(n) is 0.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, each Z¹ independently from any other Z¹ is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(a), —OR^(a), CH₂OR^(a), with each R^(a) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₀₈ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, each Z¹ independently from any other Z¹ is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, CH₂OR^(a) or —OR^(a), with each R^(a) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₀₈ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, each Z¹ independently from any other Z¹ is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, OH, CH₂OH, CH₂OR^(a) or —OR^(a) with R^(a) being selected from a C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl or C₂-C₄ alkenyl, in particular from a C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, each Z¹ independently from any other Z¹ is selected from CN, OH, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)CCH, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂O(CH₂)₂CH₃ or —CH₂O(CH₂)CCH, in particular from CN, OH, —OCH₃ or —CH₂OCH₃, more particularly from —OCH₃ or —CH₂OCH₃.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, R² is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆ aryl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, R² is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula -L-Ar,         -   with L being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl,             -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkenyl,             -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkynyl, and             -   Ar being a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- aryl or a                 substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl or a substituted or         unsubstituted C₅-C₆-heteroaryl, wherein in particular the         substituted C₆- aryl or the substituted C₅-C₆-heteroaryl         comprises at least one substituent Z².

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, R² is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula 4a

or

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl, wherein the substituted         C₆ aryl comprises the formula 4b

-   -   -   with L being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl,             -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkenyl,             -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkynyl, and         -   o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or             3, more particularly 0 or 1, and             each Z² independently from any other Z² is selected from —F,             —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(b), —OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(b),             —SR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, with each R^(b)             being selected independently from each other from H, a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular             C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,             in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or             unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl,             with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z² is selected independently from any other Z² from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(b), —OR^(b), CH₂OR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, in particular from —F, —Cl, —R^(b), —OR^(b), CH₂OR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, more particularly from —F, —Cl, —R^(b), with each R^(b) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl,

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z² is selected independently from any other Z² from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I or —R^(b), in particular from R^(b), with R^(b) being selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, o of Z² _(o) is 0

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, R³ is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, R³ is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, R³ is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆ aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-cycloalkyl; or a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-cycloalkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, R³ is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula -D-Ar,         -   with D being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl,             -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkenyl,             -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkynyl, and             -   Ar being a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- aryl or a                 substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl or a substituted or         unsubstituted C₅-C₆-heteroaryl, wherein in particular the         substituted C₆- aryl or the substituted C₅-C₆-heteroaryl         comprises at least one substituent Z³.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, R³ is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula 5a

or

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl, wherein the substituted         C₆ aryl comprises the formula 5b

-   -    in particular the formula 5b,         -   with D being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl,             -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkenyl,             -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkynyl, and         -   p of Z³ _(p) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or             3, more particularly 0 or 1, and         -   each Z³ independently from any other Z³ is selected from —F,             —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(d), —OR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(d)—SR^(d),             —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(d) or —NR^(d) ₂, with each R^(d) being             selected independently from each other from H, a substituted             or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular             C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂             alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3             or 4, in particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, p of Z³ _(p) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z³ is selected independently from any other Z³ from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(d), —OR^(d), CH₂OR^(d) or —NR^(d) ₂, in particular from —F, —Cl, —R^(d), —OR^(d), CH₂OR^(d) or —NR^(d) ₂, more particularly from —F, —Cl, —R^(d), with each R^(d) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, p of Z³ _(p) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z³ is selected independently from any other Z³ from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I or —R^(d), in particular from R^(d), with R^(d) being selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, p of Z³ _(p) is 0.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first sub aspect, R¹ comprises the general formula 2e,

with T′ being O and n of Z_(n) ¹ being 0, and R³ is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, more particularly cyclohexane Z_(n) ¹, R⁴ and R⁵ having the same meaning as defined previously, and R² is selected from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted saturated heterocycle, in         particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl, or         R² is selected from     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆ aryl, or a substituted or unsubstituted         C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, or         R² is selected from     -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula -L-Ar,         -   with L being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl,             -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkenyl,             -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkynyl, and             -   Ar being a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- aryl or a                 substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, or             -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl or a substituted                 or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, wherein in                 particular the substituted C₆- aryl or the substituted                 C₅-C₆- heteroaryl comprises at least one substituent Z²,                 or                 R² is selected from     -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula 4a

or

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl, wherein the substituted         C₆ aryl comprises the formula 4b

-   -   -   with L being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl,             -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkenyl,             -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkynyl, and         -   o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or             3, more particularly 0 or 1, and             -   each Z² independently from any other Z² is selected from                 —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(b), —OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(b),                 —SR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, with each R^(b)                 being selected independently from each other from H, a                 substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular                 C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂                 alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted                 or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄                 alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is                 1, or             -   o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1,                 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z² is                 selected independently from any other Z² from —F, —Cl,                 —Br, —I, CN, —R^(b), —OR^(b), CH₂OR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, in                 particular from —F, —Cl, —R^(b), —OR^(b), CH₂OR^(b) or                 —NR^(b) ₂, more particularly from —F, —Cl, —R^(b), with                 each R^(b) being selected independently from each other                 from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in                 particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted                 C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a                 substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in                 particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, or             -   o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1,                 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z² is                 selected independently from any other Z² from —F, —Cl,                 —Br, -1 or —R^(b), in particular from R^(b), with R^(b)                 being selected from a substituted or unsubstituted                 C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted                 or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄                 alkenyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂                 alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl,             -   o of Z² _(o) is 0, or                 R² is selected from

wherein the structure is exploratory and OH is in ortho, para or meta position to the attachment position to the parent moiety,

wherein the structure is exploratory and OCH₃ is in ortho, para or meta position to the attachment position to the parent moiety,

wherein the structure is exploratory and N is in ortho, para or meta position to the attachment position to the parent moiety,

Particular embodiments of the first sub aspect are:

The IUPAC name is given below:

ETI-T-compound IUPAC name 24_Q_B (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-methoxybenzylimino)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-((2,3- dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 24_Q_I (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-methoxybenzylimino)-3-cyclohexyl-5-((2,3- dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 24_P_L (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorobenzylimino)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-((2,3- dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 24_Q_L (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-methoxybenzylimino)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-((2,3- dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 24_P_I (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorobenzylimino)-3-cyclohexyl-5-((2,3- dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 24_Q_X (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-methoxybenzylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin- 6-yl)methylene)-3-isobutylthiazolidin-4-one 24_A_B (2Z,5Z)-5-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylmethylene)-3-(4- fluorophenyl)-2-(p-tolylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 24_B_I (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-3-cyclohexyl-5-((2,3- dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 24_B_X (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6- yl)methylene)-3-isobutylthiazolidin-4-one 24_Q_A (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-methoxybenzylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin- 6-yl)methylene)-3-p-tolylthiazolidin-4-one 24_B_B (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-((2,3- dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 24_C_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(benzylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6- yl)methylene)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 24_N_X (2Z,5Z)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)methylene)-3-isobutyl- 2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 24_B_A (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6- yl)methylene)-3-p-tolylthiazolidin-4-one 24_P_A (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorobenzylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6- yl)methylene)-3-p-tolylthiazolidin-4-one 24_A_A (2Z,5Z)-2-(p-tolylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6- yl)methylene)-3-p-tolylthiazolidin-4-one 24_A_I (2Z,5Z)-3-cyclohexyl-5-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylmethylene)-2- (p-tolylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 24_N_A (2Z,5Z)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)methylene)-2- (phenylimino)-3-p-tolylthiazolidin-4-one 24_Q_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-methoxybenzylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin- 7-yl)methylene)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 24_B_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6- yl)methylene)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 24_N_I (2Z,5Z)-3-cyclohexyl-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6- yl)methylene)-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 24_P_X (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorobenzylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6- yl)methylene)-3-isobutylthiazolidin-4-one 24_P_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorobenzylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6- yl)methylene)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 24_A_L (2Z,5Z)-2-(p-tolylimino)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-((2,3- dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 24_B_L (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-((2,3- dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 24_N_B (2Z,5Z)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6- yl)methylene)-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 24_A_X (2Z,5Z)-2-(p-tolylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6- yl)methylene)-3-isobutylthiazolidin-4-one 24 (2Z,5Z)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)methylene)-3-phenyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 24_F_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-methoxyphenylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin- 6-yl)methylene)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 24_P_B (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorobenzylimino)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-((2,3- dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 24_S_N (2Z,5Z)-2-((pyridin-3-yl)methylimino)-5-((2,3- dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-7-yl)methylene)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 24_A_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(p-tolylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6- yl)methylene)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 24_K_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(3-phenylpropylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-7- yl)methylene)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 24_C_G (2Z,5Z)-2-(benzylimino)-3-butyl-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-7- yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 24_C_O (2Z,5Z)-2-(benzylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-7- yl)methylene)-3-phenethylthiazolidin-4-one 25 (2Z,5Z)-5-((benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)methylene)-3-phenyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 24_C_B (2Z,5Z)-2-(benzylimino)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-((2,3- dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-7-yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 24_A_V (2Z,5Z)-2-(p-tolylimino)-3-dodecyl-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin- 6-yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 24_C_K (2Z,5Z)-2-(benzylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-7- yl)methylene)-3-(3-phenylpropyl)thiazolidin-4-one 24_B_V (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-3-dodecyl-5-((2,3- dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 24_C_C (2Z,5Z)-3-benzyl-2-(benzylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-7- yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 24_C_F (2Z,5Z)-2-(benzylimino)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-7- yl)methylene)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiazolidin-4-one 24_U_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-7-yl)methylene)-2- (phenethylimino)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one

Any embodiment described for R² or R³ according to the first aspect of the invention may be combined with any embodiment described for R¹ according to the first sub aspect of first aspect of the invention.

In some embodiments of a second sub aspect of the first aspect, R¹ is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, in particular a substituted alky, alkenyl         or alkynyl, wherein the substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl         comprises the formula 6a

or

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl, wherein the substituted         C₆ aryl comprises the formula 6b

-   -   with M being         -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more particularly a             C₁-C₄ alkyl,         -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl, more             particularly a C₁-C₄ alkenyl,         -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl, more             particularly a C₁-C₄ alkynyl, and     -   I of Z¹⁰ _(I) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3,         more particularly 0 or 1, and     -   each Z¹⁰ independently from any other Z¹⁰ is selected from —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(e), —OR^(e), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(e), —SR^(e),         —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(e) or —NR^(e) ₂, with each R^(e) being selected         independently from each other from H, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄         alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in         particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in         particular r is 1.

and

R² is selected from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted saturated heterocycle, in         particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl, and         R³ is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,         in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         more particularly cyclohexane

Concerning embodiments of R₁ with respect to a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl, reference is made to the specific embodiments of the first aspect and the first and third sub aspect of the invention.

In some embodiments, particularly of the second sub aspect, R¹ is selected from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl, wherein the C₆ aryl         comprises the formula 6b

-   -   with M being an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more         particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl, and     -   I of Z¹⁰ _(I) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3,         more particularly 0 or 1, and         each Z¹⁰ independently from any other Z¹⁰ is selected from —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(e), —OR^(e), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(e), —SR^(e),         —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(e) or —NR^(e) ₂, with each R^(e) being selected         independently from each other from H, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄         alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in         particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in         particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, particularly of the second sub aspect, I of Z¹⁰ _(I) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z¹⁰ is selected independently from any other Z¹⁰ from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(e), —SR^(e), —CH₂SR^(e), —OR^(e), CH₂OR^(e) or —NR^(e) ₂, in particular from —F, —Cl, CN, —R^(e), —OR^(e), —CH₂OR^(e) or —NR^(e) ₂, more particularly from CN, —OR^(e) or CH₂OR^(e), with each R^(e) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, particularly of the second sub aspect, I of Z¹⁰ _(I) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z³ is selected independently from any other Z³ from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —OR^(e) or —CH₂OR^(e), in particular from R^(e), with R^(e) being selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, particularly of the second sub aspect, I of Z¹⁰ _(I) is 0, 1 or 2, in particular 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, particularly of the second sub aspect, R¹ is selected from.

In some embodiments, particularly of the second sub aspect, R² is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, particularly of the second sub aspect, R² is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, particularly of the second sub aspect, R² is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkenyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkynyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆ aryl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, particularly of the second sub aspect, R¹ comprises the general formula 2e,

with T′ being O and n of Z_(n) ¹ being 0, and R³ is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, more particularly cyclohexane Z_(n) ¹, R⁴ and R⁵ having the same meaning as defined previously, and R² is selected from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted saturated heterocycle, in         particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl, or         R² is selected from     -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted saturated heterocycle, in         particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl, or         R² is selected from     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆ aryl, or a substituted or unsubstituted         C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, or         R² is selected from     -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula -L-Ar,         -   with L being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl,             -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkenyl,             -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkynyl, and             -   Ar being a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- aryl or a                 substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, or             -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl or a substituted                 or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, wherein in                 particular the substituted C₆- aryl or the substituted                 C₅-C₆- heteroaryl comprises at least one substituent Z²,                 or                 R² is selected from     -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula 4a

or

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl, wherein the substituted         C₆ aryl comprises the formula 4b

-   -   -   with L being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl,             -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkenyl,             -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkynyl, and         -   o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or             3, more particularly 0 or 1, and             -   each Z² independently from any other Z² is selected from                 —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(b), —OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(b),                 —SR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, with each R^(b)                 being selected independently from each other from H, a                 substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular                 C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂                 alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted                 or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄                 alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in particular r is                 1, or             -   o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1,                 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z² is                 selected independently from any other Z² from —F, —Cl,                 —Br, —I, CN, —R^(b), —OR^(b), CH₂OR^(b) or —NR^(b) ₂, in                 particular from —F, —Cl, —R^(b), —OR^(b), CH₂OR^(b) or                 —NR^(b) ₂, more particularly from —F, —Cl, —R^(b), with                 each R^(b) being selected independently from each other                 from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in                 particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted                 C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a                 substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in                 particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, or             -   o of Z² _(o) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1,                 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z² is                 selected independently from any other Z² from —F, —Cl,                 —Br, -1 or —R^(b), in particular from R^(b), with R^(b)                 being selected from a substituted or unsubstituted                 C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted                 or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄                 alkenyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂                 alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl,             -   o of Z² _(o) is 0, or                 R² is selected from

with A being —(CH)(CH₃)₃, —(CH₂)CN, —(CH₂)C(═O)ONH₂, —(CH₂)N(CH₂CH₃)₂, —(CH₂)CH₂OH, —(CH₂)C(═O)NH₂.

Particular embodiment is given below:

Concerning further embodiments of R² reference is made to the first aspect of the invention, particularly to the first sub aspect of first aspect of the invention.

Concerning further embodiments of o of Z² _(o) and Z² reference is made to the first aspect of the invention, particularly to the first sub aspect of first aspect of the invention.

In some embodiments of a third sub aspect of the first aspect,

each of R² and R³ are selected independently from each other from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted saturated heterocycle, in         particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl, and         R¹ comprises     -   a. the general formula 2b′ to 2d′ and 2f′ to 2j′,

-   -   -   with D being a C₁ to C₄ alkyl, or R¹ comprises the general             formula 2b to 2d and 2f to 2j

-   -   with each T being selected independently from each other from         —CH₂, —NH, —S, —O, —CHCH₃, —C(CH₃)₂ or —NR^(c), in particular         from NH, —S or —O, and     -   with T′ being selected from —CH₂, —NH, —S, —O, —CHCH₃, —C(CH₃)₂         or —NR, and     -   with each T″ being selected independently from each other from         being selected from —CH or ═N,     -   with R⁴ and R⁵ being selected independently from each other from         —H, —F, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —OCH₃, —CH₂CF₃, —CHFCF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CHF₂,         —CH₂F or —CF₃, in particular     -   with R⁵ and R⁶ being selected independently from each other from         H, —F or —CH₃, and     -   with R⁶ being selected from —OH, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₃ or H,     -   with R⁷ being selected from ═NH, ═S or ═O, in particular from 0,         and     -   with n of Z¹ _(n) being 0, 1, 2 or 3, in particular n of Z¹ _(n)         being 0 or 1, and with each Z¹ independently from any other Z¹         being selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(a), —OR^(a),         —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(a), —SR^(a), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(a) or —NR^(a) ₂, with         each R^(a) being selected independently from each other from H,         a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄         alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, in         particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted         C₂-C₈ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3         or 4, in particular r is 1,         with R^(c) being —CH₂OH, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂,         —CH₂CF₃, —CHFCF₃, —CF₂CF₃, —CHF₂, —CH₂F, —CF₃.

In some embodiments, particularly of the third sub aspect, R¹ comprises the general formula 2b to 2h, in particular the formula 2b, 2c, 2g or 2h, more particularly the formula 2b, 2c, 2g or 2h.

In some embodiments, particularly of the third sub aspect, R¹ comprises the general formula 2b or 2c, in particular 2c.

In some embodiments, particularly of the third sub aspect,

-   -   T′ of the compound according to formula 2b or 2c is selected         from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′ is S or         —NH, and T″ being selected from —CH or ═N, and with R⁶ being         selected from —CH₃ or H, in particular R⁶ is H,     -   each T of the compound according to formula 2d being selected         independently from each other from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), in         particular at least one T is selected from NH or —NCH₃, more         particularly the T in the position 4, with respect to the         connection to the parent moiety, is —NH, and with R⁷ being         selected from ═NH, ═S or ═O, in particular from 0, and     -   each T″ of the compound according to formula 2f is selected         independently from each other from —CH or ═N, in particular each         T″ is ═N,     -   T′ of the compound according to formula 2g or 2h is selected         from —NH, —S, —O or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′ is —NR^(c)         or —NH, and T″ being selected from —CH or ═N, in particular T″         is ═N,     -   T′ of the compound according to formula 2i or 2j is selected         from —NH or —NR^(c), wherein in particular T′ is —NH, and T″ is         ═N.

In some embodiments, particularly of the third sub aspect, R^(c) is selected from —CH₂OH, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂CH₃ or —CH(CH₃)₂, in particular from —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃ or —CH(CH₃)₂, more particularly R^(c) is CH₃.

Concerning further embodiments of n of Z¹ _(n) and Z¹ _(n) reference is made to the first aspect of the invention, particularly to the first sub aspect of first aspect of the invention.

Concerning further embodiments of R² reference is made to the first aspect of the invention, particularly to the second sub aspect of first aspect of the invention.

Concerning further embodiments of o of Z² _(o) and Z² _(o) reference is made to the first aspect of the invention, particularly to the first sub aspect of first aspect of the invention.

Concerning further embodiments of R³ reference is made to the first aspect of the invention, particularly to the second sub aspect of first aspect of the invention.

In some embodiments, particularly of the third sub aspect, R³ is selected from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkenyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkynyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆ aryl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-cycloalkyl or         a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, in particular         a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-cycloalkyl or a substituted or         unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl.

Concerning further more specific embodiments of R³ reference is made to the first aspect of the invention, particularly to the second sub aspect of first aspect of the invention.

Concerning further embodiments of p of Z³ _(p) and Z³ _(p) reference is made to the first aspect of the invention, particularly to the first sub aspect of first aspect of the invention.

Particular embodiments of this sub aspect are given below:

ETI-T-compound IUPAC name 04_A_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(p-tolylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 04_B_I (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(4- fluorophenylimino)-3-cyclohexylthiazolidin-4-one 04_A_X (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(p-tolylimino)-3- isobutylthiazolidin-4-one 04_F_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(4- methoxyphenylimino)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 04 (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-3-phenyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 03_T_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(2-chlorobenzylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 32 (2Z,5Z)-5-((benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)methylene)-3-phenyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 03_A_A (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(p-tolylimino)-3-p- tolylthiazolidin-4-one 32_A_X (2Z,5Z)-2-(p-tolylimino)-5-((benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)methylene)-3- isobutylthiazolidin-4-one 32_A_I (2Z,5Z)-2-(p-tolylimino)-5-((benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)methylene)-3- cyclohexylthiazolidin-4-one 28_A_X (2Z,5Z)-2-(p-tolylimino)-3-isobutyl-5-((l-methyl-1H-indazol-5- yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 28_A_I (2Z,5Z)-2-(p-tolylimino)-3-cyclohexyl-5-((l-methyl-1H-indazol-5- yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 04_A_A (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(p-tolylimino)-3-p- tolylthiazolidin-4-one 03_P_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(4-fluorobenzylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 03_B_X (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-3- isobutylthiazolidin-4-one 04_C_F (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(benzylimino)-3-(4- methoxyphenyl)thiazolidin-4-one 03_U_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(phenethylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 28 (2Z,5Z)-5-((l-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)methylene)-3-phenyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 04_B_A (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(4- fluorophenylimino)-3-p-tolylthiazolidin-4-one 04_N_G (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-3-butyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 03_C_K (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(benzylimino)-3-(3- phenylpropyl)thiazolidin-4-one 03_N_K (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(phenylimino)-3-(3- phenylpropyl)thiazolidin-4-one 04_B_X (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(4- fluorophenylimino)-3-isobutylthiazolidin-4-one 03_N_C (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-3-benzyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 32_B_A (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(4- fluorophenylimino)-3-p-tolylthiazolidin-4-one 03_N_G (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-3-butyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4- 03_C_O (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(benzylimino)-3- phenethylthiazolidin-4-one 04_N_K (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(phenylimino)-3-(3- phenylpropyl)thiazolidin-4-one 03 (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-3-phenyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 03_B_A (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-3-p- tolylthiazolidin-4-one 04_C_B (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(benzylimino)-3-(4- fluorophenyl)thiazolidin-4-one 04_S_N (2Z,5Z)-2-((pyridin-3-yl)methylimino)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5- yl)methylene)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 03_N_M (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-3-((furan-2-yl)methyl)-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 32_B_X (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-5-((benzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)methylene)-3- isobutylthiazolidin-4-one 04_P_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(4- fluorobenzylimino)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 04_C_G (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(benzylimino)-3- butylthiazolidin-4-one 03_F_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(4-methoxyphenylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 04_C_O (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(benzylimino)-3- phenethylthiazolidin-4-one 04_C_K (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(benzylimino)-3-(3- phenylpropyl)thiazolidin-4-one 04_U_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(phenethylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 04_D_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-Amethylene)-2-(5-methylpyridin-2- ylimino)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 28_B_I (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-3-cyclohexyl-5-((1-methyl-1H-indazol-5- yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 04_N_M (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-3-((furan-2- yl)methyl)-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 04_C_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(benzylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 04_C_C (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-3-benzyl-2- (benzylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 04_N_C (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-3-benzyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 09 (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-6-yl)methylene)-3-phenyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 03_C_B (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(benzylimino)-3-(4- fluorophenyl)thiazolidin-4-one 03_D_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(5-methylpyridin-2-ylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 04_C_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(benzylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 28_B_A (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-5-((l-methyl-1H-indazol-5- yl)methylene)-3-p-tolylthiazolidin-4-one 26 (2Z,5Z)-5-((benzofuran-5-yl)methylene)-3-phenyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 28_A_A (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-5-((l-methyl-1H-indazol-5- yl)methylene)-3-p-tolylthiazolidin-4-one 30 (2Z,5Z)-5-((benzo[b]thiophen-5-yl)methylene)-3-phenyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 03_C_G (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(benzylimino)-3-butylthiazolidin- 4-one 20 6-((13Z)-((Z)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-5- ylidene)methyl)benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one 11 (2Z,5Z)-3-phenyl-2-(phenylimino)-5-((quinoxalin-6- yl)methylene)thiazolidin-4-one 04_R_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(4-tert- butylbenzylimino)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 31 (2Z,5Z)-5-((benzo[d]thiazol-5-yl)methylene)-3-phenyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 03_E_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(methylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 03_A_V (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(p-tolylimino)-3- dodecylthiazolidin-4-one 16 (2Z,5Z)-5-((2-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-6-yl)methylene)-3-phenyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 17 3-methyl-6-((18Z)-((Z)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-5- ylidene)methyl)benzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-one 21 5-((18Z)-((Z)-4-oxo-3-phenyl-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-5- ylidene)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one 03_N_F (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 03_Q_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(4-methoxybenzylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 03_R_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-indol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(4-tert-butylbenzylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4- 04_E_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(methylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 04_N_F (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)- 2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 04_T_N (2Z,5Z)-5-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)methylene)-2-(2- chlorobenzylimino)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one

According to the second aspect the invention relates to a compound characterized by a general formula 1

-   -   wherein     -   R² is selected from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl, and     -   each of R¹ and R³ are selected independently from each other         from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from a moiety described in the embodiments of the first aspect of the invention concerning the substituent R². Reference made to the detailed description above, in order to avoid repetition.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from a moiety described in the embodiments of the first aspect of the invention concerning the substituent R¹. Reference made to the detailed description above, in order to avoid repetition.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from a moiety described in the embodiments of the first aspect of the invention concerning the substituent R³. Reference made to the detailed description above, in order to avoid repetition.

Any embodiment described for R¹ or R³ according to the second aspect of the invention may be combined with any embodiment described for R² according to the second aspect of the invention.

According to the third aspect the invention relates to a compound characterized by a general formula 1

-   -   wherein     -   R³ is selected from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl, and     -   each of R¹ and R² are selected independently from each other         from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from a moiety described in the embodiments of the first aspect of the invention concerning the substituent R³. Reference made to the detailed description above, in order to avoid repetition.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from a moiety described in the embodiments of the first aspect of the invention concerning the substituent R¹. Reference made to the detailed description above, in order to avoid repetition.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from a moiety described in the embodiments of the first aspect of the invention concerning the substituent R². Reference made to the detailed description above, in order to avoid repetition.

Any embodiment described for R¹ or R² according to the third aspect of the invention may be combined with any embodiment described for R³ according to the third aspect of the invention.

According to the fourth aspect the invention relates to a compound comprising the following general formula (1)

-   -   wherein     -   R¹ is selected from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and     -   each of R² and R³ are selected independently from each other         from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula -M-Ar,     -   with M being         -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more particularly a             C₁-C₄ alkyl,         -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, more             particularly a C₂-C₄ alkenyl,         -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, more             particularly a C₂-C₄ alkynyl, and         -   Ar being a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- aryl or a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl, wherein in particular         the substituted C₆- aryl comprises at least one substituent Z¹⁰.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula 6a

or

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl, wherein the substituted         C₆ aryl comprises the formula 6b

-   -   with M being         -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more particularly a             C₁-C₄ alkyl,         -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, more             particularly a C₂-C₄ alkenyl,         -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, more             particularly a C₂-C₄ alkynyl, and     -   I of Z¹⁰ _(I) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3,         more particularly 0 or 1, and     -   each Z¹⁰ independently from any other Z¹⁰ is selected from —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(e), —OR^(e), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(e), —SR^(e),         —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(e) or —NR^(e) ₂, with each R^(e) being selected         independently from each other from H, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄         alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in         particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in         particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the         formula 6a

or

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl, wherein the C₆ aryl         comprises the formula 6b

-   -   with M being         -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more particularly a             C₁-C₄ alkyl, and     -   I of Z¹⁰ _(I) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3,         more particularly 0 or 1, and     -   each Z¹⁰ independently from any other Z¹⁰ is selected from —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(e), —OR^(e), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(e), —SR^(e),         —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(e) or —NR^(e) ₂, with each R^(e) being selected         independently from each other from H, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄         alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in         particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in         particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl, wherein the C₆ aryl         comprises the formula 6b

-   -   with I of Z¹⁰ _(I) being 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1,         2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and     -   each Z¹⁰ independently from any other Z¹⁰ is selected from —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(e), —OR^(e), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(e), —SR^(e),         —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(e) or —NR^(e) ₂, with each R^(e) being selected         independently from each other from H, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄         alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in         particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in         particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl, wherein the substituted         C₆ aryl comprises the formula 6b

-   -   I of Z¹⁰ _(I) is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 1, 2 or 3, more         particularly 1, and     -   each Z¹⁰ independently from any other Z¹⁰ is selected from —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(e), —OR^(e), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(e), —SR^(e),         —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(e) or —NR^(e) ₂, with each R^(e) being selected         independently from each other from H, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄         alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in         particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in         particular r is 1, wherein at least one Z¹⁰ is —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(e),         in particular in position 3.

In some embodiments, I of Z¹⁰ _(I) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z¹⁰ is selected independently from any other Z¹⁰ from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(e), —SR^(e), —CH₂SR^(e), —OR^(e), CH₂OR^(e) or —NR^(e) ₂, in particular from —F, —Cl, CN, —R^(e), —OR^(e), —CH₂OR^(e) or —NR^(e) ₂, more particularly from CN, —OR^(e) or CH₂OR^(e), with each R^(e) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, I of Z¹⁰ _(I) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z³ is selected independently from any other Z³ from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —OR^(e) or —CH₂OR^(e), in particular from R^(e), with R^(e) being selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, I of Z¹⁰ _(I) is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 1, and each Z¹⁰ is selected independently from any other Z¹⁰ from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(e), —SR^(e), —CH₂SR^(e), —OR^(e), CH₂OR^(e) or —NR^(e) ₂, in particular from —F, —Cl, CN, —R^(e), —OR^(e), —CH₂OR^(e) or —NR^(e) ₂, more particularly from CN, —OR^(e) or CH₂OR^(e), with each R^(e) being selected independently from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, I of Z¹⁰ _(I) is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 1, 2 or 3, more particularly 1, and each Z³ is selected independently from any other Z³ from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —OR^(e) or —CH₂OR^(e), in particular from R^(e), with R^(e) being selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl.

In some embodiments, I of Z¹⁰ _(I) is 1 or 2, in particular 1.

In some embodiments, I of Z¹⁰ _(I) the at least one Z¹⁰ is —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(e), in particular in position 3, with R^(e) being H or CH₃, with r being selected from 1, 2, 3, in particular with r being 1.

In some embodiments, I of Z¹⁰ _(I) is 0, 1 or 2, in particular 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from.

or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from.

or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from

In some embodiments, R² is selected from a moiety described in the embodiments of the first aspect of the invention concerning the substituent R². Reference made to the detailed description above, in order to avoid repetition.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from a moiety described in the embodiments of the first aspect of the invention concerning the substituent R³. Reference made to the detailed description above, in order to avoid repetition.

Any embodiment described for R² or R³ according to the fourth aspect of the invention may be combined with any embodiment described for R¹ according to the fourth aspect of the invention.

Particular embodiments are given below:

ETI-T-compound IUPAC name 22_K_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(3-phenylpropylimino)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 22_A_N (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(p-tolylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 22_B_X (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-3- isobutylthiazolidin-4-one 22_F_N (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(4-methoxyphenylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 22_A_X (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(p-tolylimino)-3- isobutylthiazolidin-4- 22_A_A (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(p-tolylimino)-3-p- tolylthiazolidin-4-one 15_Q_N (2Z,5Z)-5-(3-(methoxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(4-methoxybenzylimino)- 3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 22_B_A (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-3-p- tolylthiazolidin-4-one 22_P_N (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(4-fluorobenzylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 22_C_F (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(benzylimino)-3-(4- methoxyphenyl)thiazolidin-4-one 22_N_C (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-3-benzyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 15_C_K (2Z,5Z)-5-(3-(methoxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(benzylimino)-3-(3- phenylpropyl)thiazolidin-4-one 22_Q_N (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(4-methoxybenzylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 22 (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-3-phenyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 22_U_N (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(phenethylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 22_N_K (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(phenylimino)-3-(3- phenylpropyl)thiazolidin-4- 15 (2Z,5Z)-5-(3-(methoxymethyl)benzylidene)-3-phenyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 22_N_G (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-3-butyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 22_C_O (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(benzylimino)-3- phenethylthiazolidin-4- 22_C_G (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(benzylimino)-3- butylthiazolidin-4-one 22_N_M (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-3-((furan-2-yl)methyl)-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 22_C_K (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(benzylimino)-3-(3- phenylpropyl)thiazolidin-4- 22_D_N (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(5-methylpyridin-2- ylimino)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 15_C_O (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(benzylimino)-3- phenethylthiazolidin-4-one 22_C_N (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(benzylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 15_C_N (2Z,5Z)-5-(3-(methoxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(benzylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4- 22_C_B (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(benzylimino)-3-(4- fluorophenyl)thiazolidin-4-one 15_T_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(2-chlorobenzylimino)-5-(3-(methoxymethyl)benzylidene)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 22_R_N (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(4-tert-butylbenzylimino)- 3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 22_C_C (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-3-benzyl-2- (benzylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 23_A_V (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-3- dodecylthiazolidin-4-one 22_B_V (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-3- dodecylthiazolidin-4-one 15_U_N (2Z,5Z)-5-(3-(methoxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(phenethylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 34 (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(methoxymethyl)benzylidene)-3-phenyl-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 04_A_V (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(p-tolylimino)-3- dodecylthiazolidin-4-one 15_R_N (2Z,5Z)-5-(3-(methoxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(4-tert-butylbenzylimino)- 3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 22_A_V (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(p-tolylimino)-3- dodecylthiazolidin-4-one 22_E_N (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-2-(methylimino)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one 22_N_F (2Z,5Z)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2- (phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 22_T_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(2-chlorobenzylimino)-5-(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzylidene)-3- phenylthiazolidin-4-one

In some embodiments of a first sub aspect of the fourth aspect of the invention

R¹ is selected from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a substituted         or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and     -   each of R² and R³ are selected independently from each other         from         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkoxy,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl,         -   a substituted or unsubstituted saturated heterocycle, in             particular a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀             heterocycle, or         -   a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, in particular a             substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₁₀ heteroaryl,             wherein at least one of R₁, R₂ and R₃ is selected form,

in case of R₁,

from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula -M-Ar,         -   with M being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl,             -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkenyl,             -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkynyl, and         -   Ar being a C₆- aryl, wherein in particular the substituted             C₆- aryl comprises at least one substituent Z¹⁰,

in case of R₂ from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula -L-Ar,         -   with L being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl,             -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkenyl,             -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkynyl, and             -   Ar being a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- aryl or a                 substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl or a substituted or         unsubstituted C₅-C₆-heteroaryl, wherein in particular the         substituted C₆- aryl or the substituted C₅-C₆-heteroaryl         comprises at least one substituent Z², and

in case of R₃ from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula -D-Ar,         -   with D being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl,             -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkenyl,             -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkynyl, and             -   Ar being a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- aryl or a                 substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, or             -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆- aryl or a substituted                 or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, wherein in                 particular the substituted C₆- aryl or the substituted                 C₅-C₆- heteroaryl comprises at least one substituent Z³

In some embodiments, particularly of the first aspect of the fourth invention, R¹ is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, wherein the substituted         alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl comprises the formula 6a

or

-   -   with M being         -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more particularly a             C₁-C₄ alkyl,         -   an alkenyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkenyl, more             particularly a C₁-C₄ alkenyl,         -   an alkynyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkynyl, more             particularly a C₁-C₄ alkynyl, and         -   I of Z¹⁰ _(I) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2             or 3, more particularly 0 or 1, and each Z¹⁰ independently             from any other Z¹⁰ is selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, CN,             —R^(e), —OR^(e), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(e), —SR^(e), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(e)             or —NR^(e) ₂, with each R^(e) being selected independently             from each other from H, a substituted or unsubstituted             C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a substituted or             unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄ alkenyl,             or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in             particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in             particular r is 1.

In some embodiments, particularly of the first aspect of the fourth invention, R¹ is selected from wherein R¹ is selected from

-   -   a substituted alkyl, wherein the substituted alkyl comprises the         formula 6a (formula 6a)

-   -   -   with M being             -   an alkyl, in particular a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, more                 particularly a C₁-C₄ alkyl, and

    -   I of Z¹⁰ _(I) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, in particular 0, 1, 2 or 3,         more particularly 0 or 1, and

    -   each Z¹⁰ independently from any other Z¹⁰ is selected from —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, CN, —R^(e), —OR^(e), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(e), —SR^(e),         —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(e) or —NR^(e) ₂, with each R^(e) being selected         independently from each other from H, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, in particular C₁-C₄ alkyl, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, in particular C₂-C₄         alkenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, in         particular C₂-C₄ alkynyl, with r being 1, 2, 3 or 4, in         particular r is 1

Concerning further embodiments of I of Z¹⁰ _(I) and Z¹⁰ _(I) reference is made to the first aspect of the invention, particularly to the first sub aspect of first aspect of the invention.

Concerning further embodiments of R² reference is made to the first aspect of the invention, particularly to the second sub aspect of first aspect of the invention.

Concerning further embodiments of o of Z² _(o) and Z² _(o) reference is made to the first aspect of the invention, particularly to the first sub aspect of first aspect of the invention.

Concerning further embodiments of R³ reference is made to the first aspect of the invention, particularly to the second sub aspect of first aspect of the invention.

In some embodiments, particularly of the third sub aspect, R³ is selected from

-   -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkenyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkynyl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆ aryl,     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-cycloalkyl or     -   a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl, in particular         a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-cycloalkyl or a substituted or         unsubstituted C₅-C₆- heteroaryl.

Concerning further more specific embodiments of R³ reference is made to the first aspect of the invention, particularly to the second sub aspect of first aspect of the invention.

Concerning further embodiments of p of Z³ _(p) and Z³ _(p) reference is made to the first aspect of the invention, particularly to the first sub aspect of first aspect of the invention.

Particular embodiments are given below:

ETI-T-compound IUPAC name 23_C_N (2Z,5Z)-5-benzylidene-2-(benzylimino)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 23_T_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(2-chlorobenzylimino)-5-benzylidene-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 23_Q_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-methoxybenzylimino)-5-benzylidene-3-phenylthiazolidin-4- one 23_C_G (2Z,5Z)-5-benzylidene-2-(benzylimino)-3-butylthiazolidin-4-one 23_N_K (2Z,5Z)-5-benzylidene-2-(phenylimino)-3-(3-phenylpropyl)thiazolidin-4- one 23_B_X (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-5-benzylidene-3-isobutylthiazolidin-4- one 23_C_O (2Z,5Z)-5-benzylidene-2-(benzylimino)-3-phenethylthiazolidin-4-one 23_N_M (2Z,5Z)-5-benzylidene-3-((furan-2-yl)methyl)-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin- 4-one 23_F_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-methoxyphenylimino)-5-benzylidene-3-phenylthiazolidin-4- one 23_A_A (2Z,5Z)-2-(p-tolylimino)-5-benzylidene-3-p-tolylthiazolidin-4-one 23 (2Z,5Z)-5-benzylidene-3-phenyl-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 23_K_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(3-phenylpropylimino)-5-benzylidene-3-phenylthiazolidin-4- one 23_A_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(p-tolylimino)-5-benzylidene-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 23_N_G (2Z,5Z)-5-benzylidene-3-butyl-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 23_N_C (2Z,5Z)-3-benzyl-5-benzylidene-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one 23_P_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorobenzylimino)-5-benzylidene-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 23_C_B (2Z,5Z)-5-benzylidene-2-(benzylimino)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazolidin-4- one 23_E_N (2Z,5Z)-5-benzylidene-2-(methylimino)-3-phenylthiazolidin-4-one 23_C_K (2Z,5Z)-5-benzylidene-2-(benzylimino)-3-(3-phenylpropyl)thiazolidin-4- one 23_B_V (2Z,5Z)-2-(4-fluorophenylimino)-5-benzylidene-3-dodecylthiazolidin-4- one 23_D_N (2Z,5Z)-2-(5-methylpyridin-2-ylimino)-5-benzylidene-3-phenylthiazolidin- 4-one 23_N_L (2Z,5Z)-5-benzylidene-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-4- one

In some embodiments the compound of the invention according to the first, second, third or fourth aspect of the invention comprises a (2Z,5Z), (2Z,5E), (2E,5Z) or (2E,5E) isomer form, in particular a (2Z,5Z) or (2Z,5E), more particularly a (2Z,5Z) isomer form, characterized by formula 1a

with the isomer center being indicated by the asterix (*), with R¹, R² and R³ having the same meaning as defined previously, wherein the compound of the invention comprises the before mentioned isomers in an essentially pure form, with R¹, R² and R³ having the same meaning as defined previously.

As used herein the term “essentially pure” refers to a purity of >90%, in particular of >95%.

In some embodiments the compound of the invention comprises a mixture of the (2Z,5Z), (2Z,5E), (2E,5Z) or (2E,5E) isomer forms, in particular a mixture of (2Z,5Z) and (2Z,5E). characterized by formula 1a as depicted above.

The following formulas show the respective configuration:

with R¹, R² and R³ having the same meaning as defined previously.

Particular embodiments of the invention are:

A fifth aspect of the invention relates to a compound according to the first, second, third or fourth aspect of the invention for use as a medicament.

A sixth aspect of the invention relates to a compound according to the first, second, third or fourth aspect of the invention for use in the treatment of psychiatric or neurological disorders and inflammation, in particular neuroinflammation.

A seventh aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical preparation for use in the treatment of psychiatric or neurological disorders and inflammation, in particular neuroinflammation, comprising at least one compound according to the the first, second, third or fourth aspect of the invention.

The compounds of the invention are potent inhibitors of AEA cell membrane transport and do not inhibit the AEA metabolic enzyme FAAH. The compounds of the invention show both cannabimimetic behavioral effects and antiinflammatory effects, in particular an anti-neuroinflammatory effect, as exemplified in the experimental section.

By inhibiting AEA uptake the ECS can be modulated in a unique way, leading to diverse pharmacological actions like analgesia, anti-inflammatory and CNS effects exemplified by the tetrad effect (Nicolussi & Gertsch, 2015, Vitam Horm. 98:441-85).

The use of the compounds of the invention in a method for treatment of psychiatric or neurological disorders is related to attenuation of neuroinflammation and neuronal retrograde signaling mediated via endocannabinoids including AEA. Such diseases include bipolar diseases, schizophrenia, sleeping disorders, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimers disease (Ashton and Moore Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011, 124, 250-61; Aso and Ferrer I, Front Pharmacol. 2014, 5:37; Correa et al. Vitam Horm. 2009, 81, 207-30.)

In some embodiments, the compounds of the general formula (1) may be isolated in form of salts, in particular in form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The same applies to all of the before mentioned embodiments. In some embodiments, the compounds of the general formula (1) may be isolated in form of a tautomer, a hydrate or a solvate.

Such salts are formed, for example, as acid addition salts, preferably with organic or inorganic acids, from compounds of the general formula (1) with a basic nitrogen atom, in particular the pharmaceutically acceptable salts are formed in such a way. Suitable inorganic acids are, without being limited to, halogen acids, such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or phosphoric acid and the like. Suitable organic acids are, without being limited to, carboxylic, phosphonic, sulfonic or sulfamic acids and the like. Such organic acids may be, without being limited to, acetic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, or citric acid. Salts may also be formed, for example, as salts with organic or inorganic bases, from compounds of the general formula (1) with a nitrogen atom bearing an acidic hydrogen. Examples of suitable cations are—without being limited to—sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium cations, or cations of organic nitrogen bases, e.g. protonated mono-, di- or tri-(2-hydroxethyl)amine.

In view of the close relationship between the novel compounds in their free form and those in the form of their salts, any reference to the free compounds hereinbefore and hereinafter is to be understood as referring also to the corresponding salts, as appropriate and expedient. Likewise, in view of the close relationship between the novel compounds of the general formula (1) and their tautomers, any reference to the compounds of the general formula (1) is to be understood as referring also to the corresponding tautomers. The same applies to a hydrate or a solvate.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation comprises at least one compound according to the invention as an active ingredient and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation comprises at least one compound according to the invention in its free form as an active ingredient. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation comprises at least one compound according to the invention in its free form as an active ingredient and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation comprises at least one compound according to the invention in form of a salt, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a hydrate or a solvate. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation comprises at least one compound according to the invention in form of a salt, a tautomer, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a hydrate or a solvate and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Furthermore the invention relates to pharmaceutical preparations comprising at least one compound mentioned herein before as active ingredient, which can be used especially in the treatment of the diseases mentioned. The pharmaceutical preparations may be used in particular for a method for treatment of psychiatric disorders.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparations is for enteral administration, such as nasal, buccal, rectal, local or, especially, oral administration, and for parenteral administration, such as intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous administration, are especially preferred. The preparations comprise the active ingredient alone or, in particular, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The dosage of the active ingredient depends upon the disease to be treated and upon the species, its age, weight, and individual condition, the individual pharmacokinetic data, and the mode of administration. In particular, the oral application of the active ingredient is preferred.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparations comprise from approximately 1% to approximately 95% active ingredient. Unit dose forms are, for example, coated and uncoated tablets, ampoules, vials, suppositories, or capsules. Further dosage forms are, for example, ointments, creams, pastes, foams, tinctures, lip-sticks, drops, sprays, dispersions, etc. Examples are capsules containing from about 0.005 g to about 1.0 g active ingredient.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparations of the present invention are prepared in a manner known per se, for example by means of conventional mixing, granulating, coating, dissolving or lyophilizing processes.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparations is in form of solutions of the active ingredient, and also suspensions or dispersions, especially isotonic aqueous solutions, dispersions or suspensions which, for example in the case of lyophilized preparations comprising the active ingredient alone or together with a carrier, for example mannitol, can be made up before use.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparations may be sterilized and/or may comprise excipients, for example preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents and/or emulsifiers, solubilizers, salts for regulating osmotic pressure and/or buffers and are prepared in a manner known per se, for example by means of conventional dissolving and lyophilizing processes.

The said solutions or suspensions may comprise viscosity-increasing agents, typically sodium carboxymethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, polyvinylpyrrolidone, or gelatins, or also solubilizers, e.g. Tween 80® (polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitan mono-oleate).

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation comprises suspensions in oil, which comprise as the oil component a vegetable, synthetic, or semi-synthetic oils customary for injection purposes. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a mixtures of fatty acid esters, vegetable oils such as, without being limited to, cottonseed oil, almond oil, olive oil, castor oil, sesame oil, soybean oil and groundnut oil. The manufacture of injectable preparations is usually carried out under sterile conditions, as is the filling, for example, into ampoules or vials, and the sealing of the containers.

Suitable carriers are especially fillers, such as sugars, for example lactose, saccharose, mannitol or sorbitol, cellulose preparations, and/or calcium phosphates, for example tricalcium phosphate or calcium hydrogen phosphate, and also binders, such as starches, for example corn, wheat, rice or potato starch, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone, and/or, if desired, disintegrators, such as the above-mentioned starches, also carboxymethyl starch, crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, alginic acid or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate. Additional excipients are especially flow conditioners and lubricants, for example silicic acid, talc, stearic acid or salts thereof, such as magnesium or calcium stearate, and/or polyethylene glycol, or derivatives thereof.

Tablet cores can be provided with suitable, optionally enteric, coatings through the use of, inter alia, concentrated sugar solutions which may comprise gum arabic, talc, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol and/or titanium dioxide, or coating solutions in suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures, or, for the preparation of enteric coatings, solutions of suitable cellulose preparations, such as acetylcellulose phthalate or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate. Dyes or pigments may be added to the tablets or tablet coatings, for example for identification purposes or to indicate different doses of active ingredient.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation is suitable for oral administration also include hard capsules consisting of gelatin, and also soft, sealed capsules consisting of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. The hard capsules may contain the active ingredient in the form of granules, for example in admixture with fillers, such as corn starch, binders, and/or glidants, such as talc or magnesium stearate, and optionally stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active ingredient is preferably dissolved or suspended in suitable liquid excipients, such as fatty oils, paraffin oil or liquid polyethylene glycols or fatty acid esters of ethylene or propylene glycol, to which stabilizers and detergents, for example of the polyoxy ethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester type, may also be added.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation is suitable for rectal administration are, for example, suppositories that consist of a combination of the active ingredient and a suppository base. Suitable suppository bases are, for example, natural or synthetic triglycerides, paraffin hydrocarbons, polyethylene glycols or higher alkanols.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation is suitable for parenteral administration, aqueous solutions of an active ingredient in water-soluble form or aqueous injection suspensions that contain viscosity-increasing substances, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran, and, if desired, stabilizers, are especially suitable. The active ingredient, optionally together with excipients, can also be in the form of a lyophilizate and can be made into a solution before parenteral administration by the addition of suitable solvents. Solutions such as are used, for example, for parenteral administration can also be employed as infusion solutions. Preferred preservatives are, for example, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, or microbicides, such as sorbic acid or benzoic acid.

EXAMPLES

General Methods and Materials

Compounds and chemicals were of purest possible grade. Anandamide (AEA), (R)—N-(1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)oleamide (OMDM-2), N-(3-furanylmethyl)-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenamide (UCM707), [ethanolamine-1-3H]-AEA (60 Ci/mmol) was purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals. Albumin from bovine serum essentially fatty acid free (BSA) (A7030), fetal bovine serum (F7524), RPMI-1640 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany. AquaSil™ siliconizing fluid was purchased from Thermo Scientific.

[³H]-AEA Cellular Uptake

Screening for AEA cellular uptake inhibition was performed in a semi-automated procedure: Pipetting and washing steps were performed by a Biomek3000 laboratory workstation. First, required amounts of U937 cells were centrifuged at 100×g for 5 min and resuspended in RPMI (37° C.) to a final concentration of 2×10⁶ cells/mL. Then, 250 μL of cell suspension (0.5×10⁶ cells per sample) were transferred into AquaSil™ silanized glass vials (Chromacol 1.1-MTV) in 96-well format. After addition of 5 μL vehicle (DMSO) or compounds the cells were incubated at 37° C. for 15 min. As positive controls OMDM-2 and UCM707 were used at 10 μM in each run. The ETI-T compounds were measured at up to 7 concentrations in triplicates from 100 pM-100 μM. After pre-incubation, a mixture of 0.5 nM[ethanolamine-1-³H]-AEA, (60 Ci/mmol) and 99.5 nM of cold AEA (final 100 nM) was added and samples were incubated at 37° C. for another 15 min. The reaction was stopped by rapid filtration over UniFilter-96 GF/C filters (PerkinElmer) pre-soaked with PBS 0.25% BSA. Cells were washed three times with 100 μL ice-cold PBS buffer containing 1% fatty acid free BSA. After drying, 45 μL MicroScint 20 scintillation cocktail (PerkinElmer, Waltham, Mass., US) was added to the wells and the plate was sealed. Radioactivity was measured by liquid scintillation counting on a PerkinElmer Wallac Trilux MicroBeta 1450 during 2 min. Non-specific binding of [³H]AEA (100 nM) to the glass vials was never higher than 10%. IC₅₀ values were calculated by GraphPad® by non-linear regression using the built-in log (inhibitor) vs. response-variable slope (four parameters) function.

FAAH Activity

Hydrolysis of [³H]-AEA by FAAH was determined as previously described in cell homogenates of U937 cells (0.18 mg protein) (Omeir et al., 1999, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 264, 316-20; Mor et al., 2004, J Med Chem, 47, 4998-5008). Protein amounts of cell homogenates corresponded to 0.5×10⁶ cells (U937), to assure best possible comparability of IC₅₀ values as used for the AEA cellular uptake assays. URB597 was used as positive control. Protein quantification was performed using a BCA assay (Thermo Scientific). Enzyme activity was assessed by addition of vehicle or compounds in 10 μL DMSO to 490 μL homogenate in 10 mM Tris HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1% (w/v) BSA fatty acid free, pH=8 and incubation for 15 min at 37° C. After, a mixture of AEA plus [ethanolamine-1-³H]-AEA (0.5 nM) at final 100 nM was added to the homogenates and incubated for 15 min at 37° C. The reaction was stopped by addition of 1 mL ice-cold CHCl₃:MeOH (1:1) followed by vigorous vortexing. Phase separation was achieved by centrifugation at 10,000×g at 4° C. for 10 min. Radioactivity of the separated aqueous phase (upper phase) containing [³H-ethanolamine] or [³H-glycerol] was measured by liquid scintillation counting on a Tri-Carb 2100 TR liquid scintillation analyzer after addition of 3.5 mL Ultima Gold scintillation cocktail (PerkinElmer Life Sciences). Results are expressed as hydrolysis of tritium substrate in percent of vehicle treated control. ICso values were calculated by GraphPad®. Data are reported as means of n=3 independent experiments performed in triplicates.

Radioligand CB Receptor Binding

Binding properties of ETI-T compounds to hCB1 or hCB2 receptors were performed as previously reported in a [³H]-CP55,940 displacement assay (Gertsch et al., 2008, Proc Natl Acad Sci 105, 9099-104). WIN 55,212-2 was used as positive control. In brief, 20 μg protein of CHO-K1 hCB₁ or hCB₂ membrane preparations were thawed on ice and resuspended in a final volume of 500 μL binding buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 2.5 mM EDTA, 5 mM MgCl2, 0.5% fatty acid free BSA, pH 7.4) in silanized glass vials. [³H]-CP55,940 (168 Ci/mmol) (PerkinElmer, Waltham, Mass., US) was added to a final concentration of 0.5 nM followed by the addition of competitors or vehicle in 5 μL DMSO. Membrane binding was equilibrated for 2 h at room temperature (25° C.). Samples were filter through a 0.1% polyethylenimine pre-soaked UniFilter®-96 GF/B plate (PerkinElmer) and washed twelve times with 167 μL ice-cold assay-buffer. The plate was dried, bottom sealed and 45 μL MicroScint 20 scintillation cocktail (PerkinElmer) were added before measured on a PerkinElmer 1450 Microbeta TRILUX liquid scintillation counter. Unspecific binding was determined by WIN 55,212-2, 10 μM and subtracted from all values. IC₅₀ values.

General Synthesis

The compounds of the invention may be produced according to one of the pathways depicted in scheme 1 or scheme 2. The starting materials may be purchased or produced according to literature procedures.

Evaluation:

TABLE 1 AEA uptake inhibition AEA uptake inhibition Compound IC50 (μM)

0.731

0.194

2.3

7.1

15.6

6.7

6.6

1.6

5.5

1.0

2.78

0.817

3.36

0.729

2.12

5.56

3.26

9.94

0.515

4.63

11.77

0.291

0.180

3.24

2.34

0.170

5.10

0.440

2.80

6.92

1.74

1.69

0.135

0.111

0.257

1.45

0.107

2.14

1.59

0.164

2.73

16.6

1.07

0.610

0.677

0.879

0.557

1.84

0.657

1.31

1.09

5.42

4.15

1.81

2.29

7.18

2.27

3.18

TABLE 2 AEA uptake inhibition of further compounds ETI-T- AEA uptake compound IC50 (μM) 24_Q_B 0.033 24_Q_I 0.035 24_P_L 0.051 24_Q_L 0.085 24_P_I 0.087 24_Q_X 0.137 24_A_B 0.138 24_B_I 0.141 24_B_X 0.162 24_Q_A 0.164 24_B_B 0.170 24_C_N 0.170 24_N_X 0.172 24_B_A 0.176 24_P_A 0.176 24_A_A 0.286 24_A_I 0.301 24 N_A 0.334 24_Q_N 0.373 24_B_N 0.419 24_N_I 0.462 24_P_X 0.509 24_P_N 0.53 24_A_L 0.616 24_B_L 0.663 24_N_B 0.667 24_A_X 0.721 24 0.817 24_F_N 0.939 24_P_B 1.043 24_S_N 1.43 24_A_N 1.510 24_K_N 1.620

TABLE 3 FAAH inhibition of further compounds FAAH ETI-T- inhibition compound IC50 (pM) 24_Q_B 1.288 24_Q_I 0.037 24_P_L 0.617 24_Q_L 0.813 24_P_I 0.170 24_Q_X 0.427 24_B_I >100 24_B_X >100 24_Q_A >100 24_B_B >100 24_C_N 1.585 24_N_X >100 24_P_A 1.514 24_A_A >100 24_A_I >100 24_N_A >100 24_Q_N 0.437 24_N_I >100 24_P_X 2.63 24_P_N 0.912 24_N_B >100 24 >100 24_F_N >100 24_P_B 11.22 24_C_B >100 24_C_C >100 24_C_F >100 22_B_I >100

TABLE 4 CB1 receptor binding of further compounds CB1 receptor ETI-T- binding compound % at 10 μM 24_Q_B 45 24_Q_I 47 24_P_L 41 24_Q_L 44 24_P_I 61 24_A_B 29 24_B_I 42 24_B_X 78 24_Q_A 74 24_B_B 3 24_C_N 68 24_N_X 43 24_B_A 32 24_P_A 83 24_A_A 30 22B_I 42 24_A_I 58 24_N_A 80 24_Q_N 26 24_B_N 53 24_N_I 82 24_P_X 78 24_P_N 52 24_A_L 67 24_B_L 63 24_N_B 86 24_A_X 54 24 1 24_P_B 50 24_S_N 56 24_K_N 78

TABLE 5 AEA uptake inhibition of further compounds ETI-T- AEA uptake compound IC50 (μM) 04_A_N 0.107 04_B_I 0.132 04_K_N 0.142 04_A_X 0.155 04_F_N 0.164 04 0.194 03_T_N 0.262 32 0.291 03_A_A 0.315 32_A_X 0.327 32_A_I 0.341 28_A_X 0.351 28_A_I 0.389 04_A_A 0.390 03_P_N 0.403 03_B_X 0.479 04_C_F 0.484 03_U_N 0.509 28 0.515 04_B_A 0.527 04_N_G 0.557 03_C_K 0.564 03_N_K 0.564 04_B_X 0.578 03_N_C 0.610 32_B_A 0.632 03_N_G 0.677 03_C_O 0.727 04_N_K 0.727 03 0.731 03_B_A 0.760 04_C_B 0.861 04_S_N 0.878 03_N_M 0.879 32_B_X 0.993 04_P_N 1.020 04_C_G 1.060 03_F_N 1.070 04_C_O 1.120 04_C_K 1.140 04_U_N 1.4  04_D_N 1.590

TABLE 6 FAAH inhibition of further compounds FAAH ETI-T- inhibition compound IC50 (μM) 04_A_N >100 04_B_I 22.909 04_K_N >100 04_A_X 14.454 04_F_N >100 04 >100 03_T_N >100 32 >100 03_A_A >100 32_A_X >100 32_A_I >100 28_A_X >100 28_A_I >100 04_A_A >100 03_P_N <10 03_B_X >100 04_C_F >10

TABLE 7 CBI receptor binding of further compounds CB1 ETI-T- receptor binding compound % at 10 μM 04_A_N 71 04_B_I 43 04_K_N 80 04_A_X 27 04_F_N 55 04 43 03_T_N 36 32 37 03_A_A 57 32_A_X 55 32_A_I 43 28_A_X 51 28_A_I 31 04_A_A 49 03_P_N 71 03_B_X 46 04_C_F 27

TABLE 8 AEA uptake inhibition of further compounds ETI-T- AEA uptake compound IC50 (μM) 22_K_N 0.097 22_A_N 0.111 22_B_X 0.127 22_F_N 0.135 22_A_X 0.150 22_A_A 0.341 15_Q_N 0.368 22_B_A 0.386 22_P_N 0.500 22_C_F 0.592 22_N_C 0.657 15_C_K 0.692 22_Q_N 0.713 22 0.729 22_U_N 0.812 22_N_K 0.861 15 1.030 22_N_G 1.090 22_C_O 1.200 22_C_G 1.280 22_N_M 1.310 22_C_K 1.430 22_D_N 1.450 15_C_O 1.560 22_C_N 1.660 15_C_N 1.690 22_C_B 2.170 15_T_N 2.640 22_R_N 5.180 22_C_C 10.420 23_A_V 10.500 22_B_V 12.540 15_U_N 15.550 34 >10 04_A_V >10 15_R_N >10 22_A_V >10 22_E_N >10 22_N_F >10 22_T_N >10 Table 9 and 10—FAAH Inhibition andCB1 Receptor Binding of Further Compounds

FAAH ETI-T- inhibition compound IC50 (μM) 22_K_N 6.607 22_A_N 19.498 22_B_X 19.055 22_F_N >100 22_A_X >100 22_A_A >100 15_Q_N <10 22_B_A >100

CBI receptor ETI-T- binding compound % at 10 μM 22_K_N 63 22_A_N 71 22_B_X 70 22_F_N 33 22_A_X 41 22_A_A 50 15_Q_N 27 22_B_A 24

TABLE 11 AEA uptake inhibition, FAAH inhibition andCB1 receptor binding of further compounds CB1 AEA FAAH receptor uptake inhibition binding ETI-T- IC50 ETI-T- IC50 ETI-T- % at 10 compound (μM) compound (μM) compound μM 23_C_N 0.180 23_C_N >10 23_C_N 75 23_T_N 0.556 23_Q_N 0.598 23_C_G 0.753 23_N_K 1.120 23_B_X 1.132 23_C_O 1.190 

We claim:
 1. A compound of formula (1):

or an (E,E), (E,Z), (Z,E), or (Z,Z) stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R¹ is formula (6b):

wherein: each Z¹⁰ is independently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —R^(e), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(e), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(e), —N(R^(e))₂, —OR^(e), or —SR^(e); each R^(e) is independently selected from H, an unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, or an unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl; l is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and r is 1, 2, 3, or 4; R² is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, wherein the substituted aryl is substituted by at least one Z²; each Z² is independently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —R^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(b), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(b), —N(R^(b))₂, —OR^(b), or —SR^(b); each R^(b) is independently selected from H, an unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, or an unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl; and r is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and R³ is selected from an unsubstituted alkyl, an unsubstituted alkenyl, an unsubstituted alkynyl, an unsubstituted alkoxy, an unsubstituted cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, an unsubstituted saturated heterocyclyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, wherein the substituted aryl or the substituted heteroaryl is substituted by at least one Z³; each Z³ is independently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —R^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(d), —N(R^(d))₂, —OR^(d), or —SR^(d); each R^(d) is independently selected from H, an unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, or an unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl; and r is 1, 2, 3, or 4; or R³ is formula: -D-Ar, wherein: D is an alkyl, an alkenyl, or an alkynyl; and Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆ aryl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆ heteroaryl, wherein the substituted C₆ aryl or substituted C₅-C₆ heteroaryl is substituted by at least one Z³; each Z³ is independently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —R^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(d), —(CH₂)_(r)SR^(d), —N(R^(d))₂, —OR^(d), or —SR^(d); each R^(d) is independently selected from H, an unsubstituted C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, or an unsubstituted C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl; and r is 1, 2, 3, or 4; with the proviso that at least one Z¹⁰ is —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(e).
 2. The compound according to claim 1, or an (E,E), (E,Z), (Z,E), or (Z,Z) stereoisomer thereof, wherein: each Z¹⁰ is independently selected from —F, —Cl, —CN, —R^(e), —CH₂OR^(e), —N(R^(e))₂, or —OR^(e); R³ is selected from substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl; and each Z³ is independently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —CH₂OR^(d), or —OR^(d).
 3. The compound according to claim 1, or an (E,E), (E,Z), (Z,E), or (Z,Z) stereoisomer thereof, wherein: Z¹⁰ is —(CH₂)_(r)OR^(e); R^(e) is selected from H or unsubstituted CH₃; l is 1; r is 1, 2, or 3; and Z¹⁰ is bonded to the meta position.
 4. The compound according to claim 1, or an (E,E), (E,Z), (Z,E), or (Z,Z) stereoisomer thereof, wherein R² is a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl.
 5. The compound according to claim 1, or an (E,E), (E,Z), (Z,E), or (Z,Z) stereoisomer thereof, wherein R² is formula (4b):

wherein: o is
 0. 6. The compound according to claim 1, or an (E,E), (E,Z), (Z,E), or (Z,Z) stereoisomer thereof, wherein R² is formula (4b):

wherein: o is 1, 2, 3, 4, or
 5. 7. The compound according to claim 6, or an (E,E), (E,Z), (Z,E), or (Z,Z) stereoisomer thereof, wherein each Z² is independently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —R^(b), —CH₂OR^(b), —N(R^(b))₂, or —OR^(b).
 8. The compound according to claim 1, or an (E,E), (E,Z), (Z,E), or (Z,Z) stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³ is selected from an unsubstituted alkyl, an unsubstituted alkenyl, an unsubstituted alkynyl, an unsubstituted cycloalkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; or R³ is formula: -D-Ar.
 9. The compound according to claim 1, or an (E,E), (E,Z), (Z,E), or (Z,Z) stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³ is selected from an unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, an unsubstituted C₂-C₄ alkenyl, an unsubstituted C₂-C₄ alkynyl, an unsubstituted cyclohexyl, a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆ heteroaryl; or R³ is formula: -D-Ar.
 10. The compound according to claim 9, or an (E,E), (E,Z), (Z,E), or (Z,Z) stereoisomer thereof, wherein R³ is selected from an unsubstituted cyclohexyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆ heteroaryl.
 11. The compound according to claim 1, or an (E,E), (E,Z), (Z,E), or (Z,Z) stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³ is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆ heteroaryl; or R³ is formula: -D-Ar.
 12. The compound according to claim 1, or an (E,E), (E,Z), (Z,E), or (Z,Z) stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R³ is formula (5a):

wherein: p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; or R³ is formula (5b):

wherein: p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or
 5. 13. The compound according to claim 12, or an (E,E), (E,Z), (Z,E), or (Z,Z) stereoisomer thereof, wherein each Z³ is independently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —R^(d), —CH₂OR^(d), —N(R^(d))₂, or —OR^(d).
 14. The compound according to claim 1, or an (E,E), (E,Z), (Z,E), or (Z,Z) stereoisomer thereof, wherein R³ is an unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl.
 15. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is a stereoisomer of formula (1a):

wherein the stereoisomer represented by (2*,5*) is selected from the group consisting of (2E,5E), (2E,5Z), (2Z,5E), and (2Z,5Z).
 16. A method for inhibiting N-arachidonoylethanolamine uptake in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the subject has a disorder selected from the group consisting of a psychiatric disorder, a neurological disorder, and neuroinflammation.
 18. A method for modulating an endocannabinoid system in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein modulation of the endocannabinoid system inhibits N-arachidonoylethanolamine uptake. 